An INODE is a data structure, so to speak a table that contains information about a file.
Each file is identified by an inode number. This number is unique within the entire file system.
Within each inode there is the following information:
- inode number
- file type
- Owner of said file
- file permissions
- Date of creation of the same
You can see all of this information by running ls -l on any directory on your system.
The table with all the inodes is created at system startup.
The find command uses this table to do its searches.